The links between glucose control and mood disorders
It’s well established that there is a link between disorders of glucose control and increased risk of mood disorders, but it may surprise you to learn that depression is twice as common in individuals with type 2 diabetes, and the diagnosis of anxiety has a 20% higher prevalence in those with diabetes than those without.
This is especially important now, as more than 30 million Americans meet criteria for diabetes, and 84 million more are living in a prediabetic state. Diabetic and prediabetic individuals are experiencing the spectrum of insulin resistance, whereby the body becomes “numb” to insulin (the hormone that stimulates cells to clear glucose from the blood) in the setting of chronic overexposure to excess glucose and many other factors. The relationship between mood disorders and glucose control is something we should all be aware of. Why? Insulin resistance is a process that typically begins long before full-fledged diabetes, and 90% of people with prediabetic blood sugar levels don’t know they have this problem.
It’s not entirely clear why individuals with blood sugar dysregulation and insulin resistance are at increased risk for certain mental health and mood conditions, but this is an active area of research. Does the psychological burden of a diabetes diagnosis cause depression, anxiety, and decreased well being? Or do those mental health disorders lead to lifestyle behaviors that contribute to the development of insulin resistance and diabetes? Or separately, is there a direct biologic link between impaired glucose regulation, insulin, and mood?
It very may well be a little bit of all three of these factors, and recent research has shown what may be a causative link between the biology of blood sugar dysregulation, insulin resistance, and the development of mood disorders.
Given the very high rates of combined blood sugar dysregulation and mood disorders, and the link between the two, it suggests that paying closer attention to our blood sugar levels through metabolic tracking technologies like Levels could emerge as a valuable tool in empowering individuals in their pursuit of optimal mood and mental health.
Depression
Large population studies of nearly 70,000 women have shown that diets high in added sugars and with a high glycemic impact (meaning they are known to raise blood sugar) increase the odds of depression. Another study showed that participants given diets of 60% carbohydrates, including foods expected to raise glucose levels, had significantly worse depressive mood scores than those given diets of 40% carbohydrates that included foods less likely to raise glucose levels.
Research suggests there are at least six potential links between blood sugar and depression: insulin resistance in the brain, decrease in brain cell growth with high blood sugar, brain cells “wiring” suboptimally in insulin resistant states, stimulation of chronic stress hormones by insulin, and insulin’s effect on inflammation.
1. Insulin resistance in the brain
Insulin receptors are expressed throughout the emotional regulation centers of the brain, allowing the cells in those regions to absorb and utilize glucose for energy. If you remove these receptors in mouse brains, the mice tend to get depressed and anxious. As insulin resistance develops in the body due to cells becoming increasingly “numb” to insulin in the setting of long-term overexposure to glucose, it seems like it may have similar negative effects on the brain, and contribute to mood issues.
2. Decrease in brain cell growth with high blood sugar
Neurogenesis, the process by which new brain cells are generated, appears to be impaired by diabetes. This impaired brain cell generation is thought to be due to dysfunction of mitochondria, the part of the cell that produces energy from sugar, after insulin resistance has developed. Implementing therapies in mice that increase insulin sensitivity appears to generate an increase in mitochondria, along with a reduction in depressive symptoms and an increase in brain cell generation.
3. Brain cells don’t “wire” properly in insulin resistant states
Research suggests that insulin resistance in the brain alters the signaling pathways that allow for optimal “wiring” of brain cells related to reward and learning behaviors, and that this impairment in wiring is linked to depressive symptoms and reduced ability to adapt to stress.
4. Insulin stimulates chronic stress hormones
Insulin is known to elevate various hormones associated with the stress response, while insulin resistance in the brain can lead to impairment in the negative feedback on the stress hormone pathways of the brain. This creates a vicious cycle between insulin dysfunction and increased stress. Together, these findings suggest that insulin resistance may contribute to depression through an abnormal stress response in the brain.
5. Increase in inflammation that affects the brain and reduces serotonin activity
It’s thought that TNF𝛂, a pro-inflammatory chemical elevated in patients with diabetes, decreases the levels of serotonin in the brain. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter implicated in depression, and serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs, which increase serotonin levels in the brain) are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants.
Anxiety
There may be biological reasons why insulin resistant states can lead to anxiety: When researchers removed insulin receptors from the brains of mice, they found it triggered anxiety behaviors.
Diet may also be a significant factor, as very limited research points to anxiety being decreased by shifting from primarily refined carbohydrates (which tend to raise glucose levels) to a diet of increased protein, vegetables, healthy fats, seeds, beans, and fruit (which don’t tend to raise glucose levels as much).
Additionally, research suggests that an underlying link between inflammation, insulin resistance, and mental health symptoms may be the microbiome, the bacteria and other microorganisms that live in our digestive tract. Mice who are fed a diet that leads to obesity develop a number of features, including abnormal microbiomes, anxiety and depression symptoms, a decrease in insulin signalling in the brain, and inflammation in the emotional regulation centers of the brain. Treating insulin-resistant mice with antibiotics to alter their microbiome reduced anxiety and depression symptoms and also improved blood sugar levels. Amazingly, transferring the microbiome from insulin-resistant, depressed, and anxious mice to other mice without these characteristics causes the latter to quickly develop similar symptoms.
Conclusion
If research continues to show a relationship between mood disorders, insulin resistance, and glucose dysfunction, it means that paying close attention to glucose levels could become a valuable strategy in the pursuit of optimal mood and mental health. Given that diet and lifestyle are the primary drivers of elevated glucose levels and propensity to develop insulin resistance, continuous glucose monitoring — coupled with insight-driven metabolic tracking programs like Levels — could emerge as a powerful biofeedback tool in helping guide individuals towards choices that minimize risk for blood sugar dysregulation and the increased rates of depression and anxiety that are correlated with it.
